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APAKAH AKUNTANSI ITU ?

akuntansi

Banyak orang mengakui bahwa akuntansi adalah bahasa bisnis. Tetapi apa sebenarnya akuntansi itu? Seberapa pentingnya akuntansi terhadap bisnis? Di dalam situs yang singkat ini, kami mencoba untuk mengulas beberapa informasi yang mungkin dapat berguna bagi anda.

Akuntansi sendiri adalah merupakan suatu proses yang mengidentifikasi data keuangan, pencatatan, dan sebagai hasil akhirnya, laporan keuangan. Ada sedikit perbedaan antara akuntansi dan pembukuan. Pembukuan adalah sebenarnya bagian dari akuntansi yaitu proses pencatatannya saja. Sedangkan akuntansi mencakup juga identifikasi dan komunikasi.

Laporan keuangan adalah hasil akhir dari proses akuntansi. Termasuk didalamnya adalah

laporan rugi/laba, laporan perubahan modal, neraca, dan laporan arus kas (lihat contoh). Rugi/laba digunakan untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai kinerja keuangan perusahaan, sedangkan neraca mengidentifikasi posisi keuangan perusahaan. Posisi keuangan dalam hal ini adalah posisi harta, hutang, dan modal. Tujuan laporan keuangan adalah memberikan informasi kepada pihak-pihak tertentu yang menyangkut posisi, kinerja, dan perubahan posisi keuangan sehingga bermanfaat sebagai dasar pengambilan keputusan ekonomi/bisnis.

Indonesia, seperti banyak negara lain, perekonomiannya didominasi oleh perusahaan menengah dan kecil yang masih belum terlalu menyadari sepenuhnya kegunaan akuntansi. Secara garis besar, sebuah toko dapat menentukan keadaan keuangannya. Jika menguntungkan, stok barang akan bertambah banyak dan sebaliknya. Tetapi jika ada yang bertanya berapa keuntungan sebenarnya, mereka tidak dapat mengetahuinya.

Keadaan seperti ini banyak sekali dijumpai di mana-mana, tidak hanya di Indonesia. Jika
memang ada diterapkan suatu sistem akuntansi, biasanya hanyalah untuk sebuah formalitas.

Sebenarnya, apakah bisnis semacam ini membutuhkan akuntansi? Jawabannya sebenarnya

adalah tidak selalu. Tergantung dari cost dan benefitnya. Secara garis besar, kegunaan akuntansi adalah:
Akuntansi adalah pengukuran, penjabaran, atau pemberian kepastian mengenai informasi yang akan membantu manajer, investor, otoritas pajak dan pembuat keputusan lain untuk membuat alokasi sumber daya keputusan di dalam perusahaan, organisasi, dan lembaga pemerintah. Akuntansi adalah seni dalam mengukur, berkomunikasi dan menginterpretasikan aktivitas keuangan. Secara luas, akuntansi juga dikenal sebagai “bahasa bisnis”.Akuntansi bertujuan untuk menyiapkan suatu laporan keuangan yang akurat agar dapat dimanfaatkan oleh para manajer, pengambil kebijakan, dan pihak berkepentingan lainnya, seperti pemegang saham, kreditur, atau pemilik. Pencatatan harian yang terlibat dalam proses ini dikenal dengan istilah pembukuan. Akuntansi keuangan adalah suatu cabang dari akuntansi dimana informasi keuangan pada suatu bisnis dicatat, diklasifikasi, diringkas, diinterpretasikan, dan dikomunikasikan. Auditing, satu disiplin ilmu yang terkait tapi tetap terpisah dari akuntansi, adalah suatu proses dimana pemeriksa independen memeriksa laporan keuangan suatu organisasi untuk memberikan suatu pendapat atau opini – yang masuk akal tapi tak dijamin sepenuhnya – mengenai kewajaran dan kesesuaiannya dengan prinsip akuntansi yang berterima umum.

Praktisi akuntansi dikenal sebagai akuntan. Akuntan bersertifikat resmi memiliki gelar tertentu yang berbeda di tiap negara. Contohnya adalah Chartered Accountant (FCA, CA or ACA), Chartered Certified Accountant (ACCA atau FCCA), Management Accountant (ACMA, FCMA atau AICWA), Certified Public Accountant (CPA) dan Certified General Accountant (CGA). Di Indonesia, akuntan publik yang bersertifikat disebut CPA Indonesia (sebelumnya: BAP atau Bersertifikat Akuntan Publik).

Akuntansi disebut sebagai bahasa bisnis karena merupakan suatu alat untuk menyampaikan informasi keuangan kepada pihak-pihak yang memerlukannya. Semakin baik kita mengerti bahasa tersebut, maka semakin baik pula keputusan kita, dan semakin baik kita didalam mengelola keuangan.Untuk menyampaikan informasi-informasi tersebut, maka digunakanlah laporan akuntansi atau yang dikenal sebagai laporan keuangan. Laporan keuangan suatu perusahaan biasanya terdiri atas empat jenis laporan, yaitu neraca, laporan laba rugi, laporan perubahan modal, dan laporan arus kas.

* Neraca, adalah daftar yang sistematis dari aktiva, utang dan modal pada tanggal tertentu, yang biasanya dibuat pada akhir tahun. Disebut sebagai daftar yang sistematis, karena neraca disusun berdasarkan urutan tertentu. Dalam neraca dapat diketahui berapa jumlah kekayaan perusahaan, kemampuan perusahaan membayar kewajiban serta kemampuan perusahaan memperoleh tambahan pinjaman dari pihak luar. Selain itu juga dapat diperoleh informasi tentang jumlah utang perusahaan kepada kreditur dan jumlah investasi pemilik yang ada didalam perusahaan tersebut.
* Laporan laba rugi, adalah ikhtisar mengenai pendapatan dan beban suatu perusahaan untuk periode tertentu, sehingga dapat diketahu laba yang diperoleh dan rugi yang dialami.
* Laporan perubahan modal, adalah laporan yang menunjukkan perubahan modal untuk periode tertentu, mungkin satu bulan atau satu tahun. Melalui laporan perubahan modal dapat diketahui sebab-sebab perubahan modal selama periode tertentu.
* Laporan arus kas, dengan adanya laporan ini pemakai laporan keuangan dapat mengevaluasi perubahan aktiva bersih perusahaan, struktur keuangan (termasuk likuiditas dan solvabilitas) dan kemampuan perusahaan didalam menghasilkan kas dimasa mendatang. (rny)

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